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- <text id=94TT0717>
- <title>
- Jun. 06, 1994: Science:A Real Space Monster
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1994
- Jun. 06, 1994 The Man Who Beat Hitler
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SCIENCE, Page 60
- A Real Space Monster
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> The Hubble telescope finds hard evidence that giant black holes
- exist, and not just in Einstein's equations
- </p>
- <p>By Michael D. Lemonick
- </p>
- <p> To hear people talk, there are "black holes" all around us:
- the U.S. deficit, the Russian economy, the Chicago Post Office.
- They are found wherever things seem to disappear wholesale without
- leaving a trace. Ever since Princeton physicist John Wheeler
- coined the term in 1967 to describe an object whose gravity
- is so powerful that it swallows everything around it--even
- light--this bizarre concept, which first emerged from Einstein's
- equations of general relativity, has been part of everyday language.
- </p>
- <p> While journalists and ordinary folks have been throwing the
- expression around loosely, astronomers have been searching for
- the real thing. The evidence so far has been tantalizing but
- circumstantial. Last week, however, nasa announced that the
- newly sharp-eyed Hubble Space Telescope has found something
- strange lurking about 50 million light-years away, at the core
- of galaxy M87--something with the mass of more than 2 billion
- stars the size of the sun crammed into a space no bigger than
- our solar system. The only thing scientists know of that could
- possibly fit this description: a gigantic black hole.
- </p>
- <p> The astronomers didn't actually see the hole, of course, since
- it is invisible by definition. What they detected was a disk-shaped
- cloud of gas rotating at a dizzying 1.2 million miles an hour.
- A disk of gas is just what researchers expect to see around
- a black hole: any star that ventures too close will first be
- ripped apart by the hole's intense gravity and then start to
- spiral in, the way water spirals down a bathtub drain. As it
- is being sucked in, the gas should be compressed and heated--and in fact the gas disk in M87 is glowing with a temperature
- of about 18,000 degrees F.
- </p>
- <p> It was the speed, though, that convinced astronomers that they
- had nabbed their black hole at last. The rules of celestial
- mechanics dictate that the speed of an orbiting body must depend
- on the mass of whatever it is orbiting and the distance between
- the two. Given the incredible velocity and 60-light-year diameter
- of the gas cloud in question, it has to be circling something
- of unprecedented mass and density.
- </p>
- <p> How did the black hole form in the first place? It could have
- started with a large star that burned out its nuclear fuel and
- then collapsed. If the star was big enough, the implosion would
- have been so violent that all the atoms would have been crushed
- out of existence. The entire star would have been squeezed into
- an immeasurably small size, and its density and gravity would
- have increased enormously. Over the universe's 15 billion-year
- history, billions of other stars could have ventured too close
- and been sucked in, making the hole grow ever more massive and
- powerful.
- </p>
- <p> Though M87 is the first supermassive black hole ever discovered,
- astronomers are convinced that such objects lie at the heart
- of many galaxies. The powerful forces unleashed as the holes
- gobble up stars and gas may be the source of quasars, mysterious
- beacons of light so bright that they're visible across the universe.
- There are even hints of a giant black hole in our own Milky
- Way. But the sun is too far away to be in any danger of falling
- in. The only "black holes" we have to fear are the metaphorical
- ones here on Earth.
- </p>
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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